Winter wheat seeding rate

As with any other crops, the seeding rate makes its mark on the yield. In order for winter wheat to grow well and develop, it is necessary to select an appropriate nutritional area, which will have plenty of microelements and water for vegetative mass and grain formation. And also for receiving big productivity of culture it is necessary to know seeding rate. You will learn about the rate of vyseva and many other things in this article.

Everything you need to know about the seeding rate

The yield reduction is affected both by thinning and thick stem. In dense sowing, as a result of a lack of light in the 4th or 5th stage of organogenesis, a large number of shoots and full-fledged plants die, while others slow down growth, the grain is frail, and eventually the yield decreases.

The culture in thickened crops is poorly hardened, strongly drawn out, the plant is more susceptible to diseases and pests, and generally susceptible to leaching.Culture in some places is thickened, and in others where the attack occurred, it is very rarefied.

There is a dependence in that the higher the seeding rate, the worse the culture on the uniformity of standing. By the time of harvesting the culture with thickening, the productivity and its survival rate may decrease. With an unplanned increase in the rate of sowing, the realization of the cereal's productivity rate decreases.

Also, the yield is reduced in thinned crops due to the fact that the occupied area is not fully used food and due to the fact that the crops are overgrown with a large number of weeds. If the seeding rate is too low, as a result of large tillering and a lack of nutrients and moisture, a lot of fit and squat can be formed, which may cause no grain or an underdeveloped grain.

Under normal sowing, the productivity of winter wheat is very high, it depends on weather conditions, soil fertility, previous crops, fertilizers, biological features of the species, method and time of sowing, grain quality and other factors.

After a good crop of predecessors, on fertile lands and with the assistance of fertilizers, the rate of sowing wheat should be reduced.Varieties with greater bushiness need to be sown with a lower sowing rate compared to lightly bushy ones. It is said that the seeding rate increases with sufficient humidity. On heavy soils, the seeding rate should be increased, because in such lands seed germination is less, and the field on good soils, where germination is high, the seeding rate should be reduced.

Listening to many sound advice, the optimal sowing rate for almost all varieties is up to 4 or 5 million viable seeds per hectare, or 160-250 kg / ha. At first, mastering intensive technologies, one of the prerequisites is the presence of 500 to 700 productive stems per 1m2, the theory is well known that such density can be achieved by increasing the seeding rate.

All this led to an increase in seeding to 6 million / ha, or 300 kg / ha of grain, and more.But such an amount can greatly reduce the quality of the crop, and increase the number of pesticides used and the cost of grain.

According to the results of scientific research, in order to obtain the desired density of productive stalk, the seeding rate should be from 2 to 6 million / ha.

From which it follows that the yield depends least of all on the number of plants, and most of all on the number of productive shoots. There are two methods that can provide up to 700 productive stems per 1m2: an increase in the seeding rate and an increase in tillering intensity.

If the seeding rate is increased, then the structural indicators of the crop can decrease: the number of grains, its mass, productive tillering, the weight of 1000 grains.

According to the results of a long-term study of the Lviv Agrarian University in the field of crop and grass production, it was found out that the best wheat crop was obtained at a low rate of sowing.

It should be noted that it was possible to obtain such results when grown by the usual intensive technology, which comes from large seeding rates. Most of the nitrogen fertilizers were applied during the fourth stage of organogenesis, so that the nitrogen does not so much influence the tillering intensity.

It is known that when using a resource-saving system, which is designed for small sowing rates of up to 4 million / ha, the yield in this case will be higher than with a sowing rate of about 5.5 million / ha. But with a sowing rate of up to 4 million / ha, it is possible to obtain lower-cost grain due to savings on sowing material, and with an excellent phytosanitary condition of sowing, there is a saving on expensive pesticides and fuel.

It follows from the above that a high crop yield can be achieved when grown with the help of resource-saving technologies with a seeding rate up to 4 mln / ha or 120-200 kg / ha. During the study, it was found that with the right agrotechnical measures, with a seeding rate of 80-100 kg / ha or 2 million / ha, a relatively greater yield was obtained than when sowing 5-6 million / ha of germinating seeds.

With a small sowing rate, yield growth is characterized by less emergence, internal struggle between different plant species, root growth, germination, resistance to winter cold and survival, improved culture development and the phytosanitary condition of sowing.

It is also necessary to know that it is impossible to switch to low sowing rates without excellent cultivation of the soil, preparation before sowing and meeting the quality requirements of sowing.If you do not perform all agrotechnical measures and at the same time reduce the seeding rate, the reduction of crops may occur.

What is the time for sowing winter wheat?

The result of many studies was that when seeding at the optimum time, the culture can fully use all the elements necessary for it for normal growth and development and as a result get the best crop yield. When sowing wheat, sooner or later, the yield of the plant decreases.

In addition, wheat with an early term of sowing is more susceptible to pests and diseases, overgrown with weeds and prone to harvesting. During the tillering season in spring, weed vegetation grows faster than wheat and therefore takes most of the useful elements. This leads to a decrease in yield, the sowing fluidization and slow growth.When sowing wheat in late periods, the culture springs up late, in the fall it does not have time to get a bed, develop good roots and aerial mass.

If we talk about the persistence of culture against adverse conditions in the late terms of sowing, then there are no objections. Some researchers turn their attention to the fact that the best winter hardiness is achieved in a culture when at the end of the autumn growing season two or four shoots are formed.

Research results over the past few years, both here and abroad, cultivating crops using intensive technology, with a large amount of mineral fertilizers, the highest winter hardiness is achieved with optimal and acceptable late sowing dates.

Previously it was believed that in the autumn growing season at least four shoots should have been formed, then with the use of intensive technologies this number decreased to two. Based on the requirements of some technologies, the culture overwinters the unpowered, and the productive stem grows and develops during the spring tillering period, the growth and development of which is controlled by certain agrotechnical measures.

Humidity reserves are sufficient for intensive tillering of culture throughout Western Ukraine, this has never been a problem. At a normal temperature in April, a long spring period of tillering is obtained. The time from the resumption of the spring vegetation period to the period of booting of the culture is about 35-50 days.

The optimal period for winter wheat sowing in the West of Ukraine is considered September 10-25, in the Polesye part of September 5-20.

Sowing time plants are directly dependent on soil fertility. It is necessary to sow wheat on infertile soils earlier than on fertile so that the culture does not outgrow by winter. Sowing time in the fields with fertilizers should be one or two weeks later compared to less fertilized lands.

The dates of crop sowing also depend on the biological characteristics of the cultivar. Sowing time for plastic varieties longer. The calendar dates of sowing intensive varieties have shifted significantly, compared to the previously grown varieties, in the second half of the optimal terms. These varieties need to sow a week or a half ...

When using intensive technologies, good conditions are formed for germination, emergence of shoots and vegetative autumn period.With good nutrition, seeds sown to a shallow depth sprout much faster. In the autumn, they develop well in late sowing. The plant develops well before harvesting.

According to the University of Lviv, the highest crop yield was obtained when the crop was planted in late September. With a shift in time either later or earlier, yield decreases. According to some data, the yield of wheat sown on October 10 in comparison with the crop on September 10 was higher.

Based on the foregoing, the optimal time for sowing high-intensity varieties of winter wheat is considered September 20-30.

What activities need to be carried out in the cultivation of land for winter wheat?

The cultivation of land for this crop should be differentiated for any soil zones, farms, fields of crop rotation, depending on the culture of the predecessor, the degree of contamination. The main measures in tillage are land subsidence, preservation of moisture before sowing wheat, improving nutrition, weed control, preventing and preventing diseases and pests. Here's how important everything depends on the cultivation of the land.

In order to achieve a good harvest, you must comply with some requirements:

- The first - This is not to be late with the harvest of the previous culture.

- The second - after harvesting the culture, it is necessary to add potash and phosphate fertilizers and plow them, or carry out a small tillage on the surface.

- Third - After the main treatment, it is necessary to prepare the soil for sowing as soon as possible. You can not miss the opportunity after the last rains. If you do not loosen the land immediately, then the soil dries out, flews are formed, and, accordingly, additional forces and time for additional processing are needed. In addition, the extra passes of the machinery overly compresses the soil, destroying its structure, which in consequence has a bad effect on the harvest.

When sowing a crop after perennial grass, which is harvested for two mowing, the field must be plowed with plowers, no later than 30 days before sowing.

The land is well settled, which then has a good effect on the survival of the culture in winter. Dividers must be installed to a depth of 10-12 centimeters. With plow aggregate rollers, or heavy harrows if good humidity.It is considered the most effective to use combined tools with the plow, which simultaneously compact, grind and level the plowed, but not yet dried, soil. In this case, use the machine PPR-2.3 or TAC-2.3. These structures will prepare the land for almost pre-sowing condition.

Because of this, it is possible to carry out only one pre-sowing cultivation of land, which will reduce your costs. In addition, loosening the land together with plowing will retain moisture in the soil, increase the rate of mineralization, simultaneous wrapping of seeds, the danger of land subsidence in the fall or winter completely disappears.

If the predecessor crops are legumes, then after harvesting, it is necessary to plow a depth of 20-25 centimeters without peeling. As the land becomes overgrown with weeds, one or two times the surface tillage is done. At this event, BDT-7.0 or other implements can be used.

The method of cultivation of soil also depends on its grain size distribution. In the western part of Ukraine on heavy lands, surface tillage strongly compresses it, reduces water conductivity, roots grow poorly in depth, and the resistance of a crop to poor conditions and productivity decrease.

Harvesting crops of tilled crops such as potatoes, corn, sugar beets is carried out before sowing the crop, because of this time there is no land cultivation for several times. With deep loosening the soil loses its moisture. Therefore, in this case, it is reasonable to carry out a small plowing or surface treatment.

When harvesting early ripe potato varieties, plowing is carried out to a depth of 20-22 centimeters, and in the Poles'e zone 18-20 centimeters using harrows and followed by rolling. If the soil is light or not clogged with weeds, it is better to either peel it with harrowing or cultivate with harrowing 8-10 centimeters than plowing. If necessary, before sowing a crop, it is possible to carry out rolling with ring-spur rollers, and the best option would be to use combined units RVK-3,6, LK-4 and others.

The most difficult is the preparation of land for planting winter wheat after corn. After harvesting the crop, it is immediately necessary to carry out a disking in order to remove the leftovers. For better plowing of these remnants, the skimmer should be installed to a depth of 10-12 centimeters, and the main part of the plow to a depth of 23-25 ​​centimeters.