How to organize the feeding of pregnant sows?

The success of breeding animals in domestic and industrial environments depends on many factors, one of the main factors is proper feeding.

It depends on it the stability of the planned number of the entire livestock, as well as immunity, and hence the viability of each pet separately. In pig breeding, the most developed branch of the national economy, they focus on feeding pregnant sows. With proper organization of their food from each individual, it is possible to get strong and numerous offspring, while ensuring the stability of high rates of offspring.

How to properly organize the feeding regime and ensure the optimal diet of animals we will describe in detail in this article.

Short description

The main indicator of the development of any branch of animal husbandry is the constancy of a high number of high-quality offspring.

Numerous and viable offspring is the main indicator of future income, and it primarily depends on feeding the animals, if it is properly organized, then the offspring will be planned.In the pig industry - the most important branch of modern agriculture, specialists pay special attention to feeding pregnant sows. Proper organization of the regime and the diet of their food allows you to achieve high rates of offspring (consistently high numbers and viability), while maintaining optimal breeding condition of the animals.

How to do it? The leading domestic experts share their secrets in this article.

Feeding Pregnant Sows

The main purpose of this process is to provide offspring from each individual at least 10 (maximum 12) piglets that are not lighter than 1.2 kg. It is important to:

• prevent the decline of breeding condition;
• maintain an excellent physical condition of the mother;
• eliminate obesity or depletion of the female;
• ensure the full development of babies and mothers.

Contain pregnant animals in groups. In one group, individuals of approximately the same age and weight are selected, with approximately equal periods of gestation. The fed-up state should be approximately the same for everyone, the character is calm and peaceful. Handle them gently and carefully.The mother liquor must be dry and lukewarm, the place of farrowing (machine tools) must be thoroughly cleaned, washed (using a hot meadow) and bleached with slaked lime. Pre-prepare and lay a fresh litter, and also stock up exclusively fresh feed. All communications (ventilation, sewage, heating) are required to function without interruption.

10-15 days before farrowing, the sow is driven into a specially organized place (machine), for 3-4 days they are no longer being walked and the necessary exercise is stopped, and also gradually (50%) reduced feed supply, while all its components reduce evenly . This is necessary so that the intestines of the future mother will not be overloaded and the milk will not be allocated in advance. In recent days, they are being watched, for this set of duty.

The productivity of sows only slightly depends on genetics, mainly it directly depends on the quality of their nutrition and maintenance.

Diet summer / winter

The diet of pregnant sows is not the same at different critical periods of their condition. Experts identify two main periods:

fertilization;

This period, which is associated with the sting of a fertilized sow egg.The negative influence of environmental factors on the blood and other physiological body fluids of the animal can lead to the death of the egg, because at this stage the placenta has not yet formed. After the formation of the placenta, the likelihood of intoxication decreases sharply, but is not completely excluded.

The cause of intoxication can be poor-quality food (rotten, moldy, sour), as well as an excess (hypervitaminosis) or deficiency (vitamin deficiency) of vitamins and microelements. It can both underfeed and overfeeding, as well as the monotony of the diet. During this period, the amount of feed increased to 4-5 kg ​​per head per day (g / d), this helps to prepare the body for fertilization and can speed up the process of conception. Young females require 110 g of protein per 1 feed unit, which is well digested; 105 g is enough for adults. Lowering the rate is possible if lysine, methionine, tryptophan are introduced into the food.

After fertilization, the female is better not to disturb and reduce the amount of feed to 2.5 kg per g / d. Studies have shown that excessive consumption of food minimizes the size of the nest, especially for those females who are experiencing pregnancy for the first time.

second period of pregnancy;

Active growth of the fetus takes place exactly in the last 2/3 of the gestation period. This stage is characterized by exhaustion of the whole body of the future mother, because she quickly loses such minerals as phosphorus and calcium. In addition, there is often a lack of vitamin A. All this leads to the fact that babies are born weak or inferior. This period is divided into two stages:

1-12 weeks;

Low-speed sows should receive feed in an amount not exceeding the norm necessary for life support. At this time, the fruit is still small and milk is not yet produced. Experts recommend feeding the females with food rich in fiber, because it quickly creates a feeling of satiety.

13-16 week;

The stern volume of high-sperm sows is increased, because their fetus has already become larger and continues to grow rapidly, for this it needs more nutrients. In general, experts reduce the amount of feed during pregnancy, and increase it during lactation. Young mothers require 140-150 g of digestible protein per 1 feed unit, and adults -115 g.

The main characteristic of good nutrition during this period is a steady increase in the weight of the female from the cycleto cycle. If this does not occur in the period from the first to the second mating, then feeding was insufficient. This will necessarily reduce the fecundity of the individual in the future. At the same time, excessive weight gain (1.5 times or even twice) leads to overruns of feed and does not give the expected offspring.

Acceptable economic profit provides:

weight gain of 12 kg or 15 kg from cycle to cycle;

weight gain in the period of gestation about 30 kg.

Feline breeders tend to get healthy viable offspring, which is actively developing. It is important that they suck up the milk vigorously when giving out the mother, while rapidly gaining weight.

Mineral protection of the fetus occurs due to the trace elements of the skeleton of the mother. The larger the fruit, the more it needs minerals. The last 7 days of pregnancy increase metabolism, and energy and protein deposits increase 8-10 times.

In order for the process of mineralization of the fetal skeleton to be optimal, it is necessary to provide the future mother with enough fluorine, vitamin A and D. At this time, the females need to be given products that do not provoke constipation.

Currently, there are norms for feeding pregnant sows. At this stage, the female should recover by about 40 kg, of which 25 kg is amniotic fluid. At the same time, it is noted that an animal before the 3rd pregnancy should gain 20% -30% more. If you follow these rules and regulations, then the mother and the offspring will be healthy and develop normally in the future.

Overfeeding can be dangerous and cause:

• complications in the survey and provoke weakness of labor;
• low fecundity;
• loss of appetite in lactating females, which entails a sharp weight loss and a decrease in its lactational capabilities;
• loss of piglets (heavy and awkward mother crushes them with her own weight).

Stern

Feeding females carry out 2 times a day. Products are slightly moisturized. Often abroad, in order to reduce labor costs, organize a one-time feeding. But such nutrition is recognized as irrational, because the sow cannot eat all the daily norm in one or two doses, the remnants of greens dry up, and the succulent feed is moldy (especially in summer). Animals refuse to eat them.

Food is best given in portions three times a day at a fixed time.If food is delayed, it causes nervousness in females; they run, push and often get injured. This can cause abortions or premature farrowing.

In order for the female and the fetus to provide proteins with basic cereal feeds, they are enriched in leguminous plants, for example, in a mixture of oats, barley or wheat they add peas, vetch, beans, cakes, cakes, and other feeds.

Deeply pregnant uterus must be fed grass or hay flour legumes. They are rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. To optimize digestion they give juicy food. To meet the need for minerals, they are necessarily fed crushed:

limestone -20-30g;

salt 40-45 g;

chalk 20-30 g

To enrich the diet with vitamin A in the winter, carrots, silage and wheat bran are introduced, and in the summer - green mixtures from various fodder crops are introduced.

Summer ration consists of:

• hay flour 0.8-1.5 kg;
• juicy feed 2-3 kg;
• fish or meat waste 150-300g;
• haul or cheeseworm 2-3 l .;
• concentrates.

Experts recommend not to use universal feed for feeding animals and during fertilization, and during pregnancy, and at the stage of lactation.Dietary requirements during these periods are different, therefore it is necessary to use special foods or supplement the main food with special additives for pregnant females.

Currently, there are two types of feeding such females:

combined;

As a rule, the main ones are green fodder (grass and corn silage, hay). They must be fresh, not overheated, without mold. This is a satisfying feed, the volume of use of feed will depend on its qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

food feed.

Corn, barley, wheat, oats, as well as soybean meal - the basis of feed. They are supplemented with mineral feeds with 5-8% lysine content. Experts monitor the content of amino acids in them, because the amount of milk in the mother depends on them, and therefore the health of the babies.

Daily need

The nutritional rates of individuals are calculated based on their age and weight. For fatty or lean queens, the feed rate is adjusted on the basis of 0.34 feed. units for every 100 g average daily gain. In order for animals to grow normally up to 2 years of age, regardless of weight, they are fed according to the norms established for females weighing 201-240 kg.

Energy threshold feed For the first 84 days, the uterus is given products at the rate of 1.2 feed units for every 100 kg of body weight, and in the last 30 days - 1.5 or 1.7 feed units.

Females younger than 2 years old should receive not less than 1.8 kg of products and not more than 2.4 kg. There is a rule according to which, the more a female is, the less food she needs per 100 kg of body weight.

Biennial animals and older individuals should consume from 1.2 kg to 1.6 kg of dry food, in the event that the concentration of feed units in it is about 1.0 kg, and the fiber content is about 12%.

The consumption of protein and essential fatty acids in females is unequal in different periods of time. In the first 84 days, 100 g of well-digested protein give them per 100 kg of weight, and from the 30th day, 170 g. In the dry matter should be 15% crude protein and 11% digestible, as well as 0.6% lysine, methionine and cystine - 0.42%.

Energetically poor food causes the birth of piglets with low weight, and does not allow the mother to create a reserve supply in the body before lactation, this can lead to the fact that females with large nests can become infertile.

Excessive metabolic energy in food leads to a decrease in the survival rate of embryos by 25-40 days in comparison with the embryos of mothers who were fed moderately (about 5000 kcl)

The diet during this period should be moderately energetic, otherwise the mobility of the sows is reduced, the farrowings are delayed, excessive fat accumulation occurs and apathy to mating occurs. The same result can lead and low-energy feed. Because of it, the number of piglets in the nest may be slightly reduced, while their vitality will be weaker. They can react painfully to worsening conditions and even die before weaning from the mother.

Vitamins

The main characteristic of the feed is the optimal supply of the individual with vitamins and microelements. The main norms of their consumption are listed below. On average, based on 100 kg of live weight.

• calcium 84 days -12-13g, last 30 days 13-14g
• phosphorus 80% of normal calcium
• Sodium 0.12% of dry matter (DM)
• chlorine 0.15% of CB
• salt (kitchen) 0.58% of CB
• carotene (provitamin A) 1.6 thousand MO
• retinol 5.8 thousand MO
• Vitamin D 0.6 thousand MO
• Tocopherol (vitamin E) 41 mg
• B1 2.6 mg
• B2 7.0 mg
• B3 2.3 mg
• B4 1.16 mg
• B5 81 mg
• B12 29 µg

Grazing

Bringing to the pasture, such queens are chased very slowly, are released from the pen one by one, so that there will not be a crush during the exit. It is important to tuck the floor in the pens with sawdust, or lime, or peat (it absorbs moisture well) so that it always remains dry and does not slip.

Water

Drinking should be no colder than 10 ° C (consumption, cold drinking water provokes abortions). It is necessary to organize direct access to drinking water. An animal can drink as much as it wants, the need for water in each individual is different. During the lactation period in all individuals the need for water increases. Usually it is not lower than 15 liters per day and not higher than 40 liters per day. Pig milk is 80% or 90% water.

It is important to check the water pressure in drinking bowls in time. It is considered normal to have a pressure head when 2 liters are collected in 1 minute. Shelves should be cleaned periodically.

The reason for poor appetite of an animal is often a lack of water. Pigs willingly drink only fresh water, low-quality water provokes the development of a number of ailments.