Techniques and methods of primary tillage

Farmers, as well as owners of large plots, have a lot of worries. In addition to caring for plantations and harvesting, they also try to maintain the soil in the most “efficient” condition. To achieve this, you need to know all the details of its processing. Consider what are the methods used in the fields, and how they differ from each other.

Method of mechanical tillage

By such methods they mean the impact on the soil of the working parts of the mechanisms and aggregates, which are used for processing. With such "penetrations" the density of the soil changes and the mutual displacement of its layers occurs. There are four such methods.

Dump

When processing plows of various designs, the layer is wrapped (partially or completely).Horizons of different fertility seem to be mixed in a vertical plane.

Simultaneously with the “heap”, such procedures as loosening, harvesting rhizomes and plant residues, as well as fertilizing with fertilizers can be carried out.

Tiller

The name speaks for itself - tillage with the use of trenchless technology is not accompanied by significant movements of the soil.

The main objectives of this method - uniform loosening of a site, removal of weeds and safe processing of aisle.

Rotary

Resorted to it, if you want to get a uniform in composition ball of soil. Rotary cutters and harrows start up in the case, if the result of previous passes was a heterogeneous density and "device" layer.These units work for crumbling and further mixing.

Combined

This is a kind of mix of all the mentioned methods. This approach is used in order to speed up processing on rough terrain with "heavy" land. It is suitable for working with well-groomed fields - so time is saved.

Such operations require the presence of different types of equipment, the replacement of which makes the "runs" more versatile. Due to this, the soil is better mixed and loosened. Thereby laying the "foundation" of the future harvest.

Basic soil tillage techniques

Let's start with the terminology. Listing the techniques of the main current tillage, farmers and agronomists imply a “passage” of the site by a certain mechanism that performs one operation, whereas by itself the main processing of the “working” soil means the deepest tie-in.

There are only two such methods.but they should be considered in more detail (it’s not for nothing that they are considered fundamental).

Plowing

This technique is considered to be the main one and is actively used in the fall, to plowing. Equipment - plows. Most often, designs with flat or cylindrical dumps are taken.

Experienced machine operators are well aware of all their shortcomings: if the first ones don't crumble, the second ones do not turn them over in the best way. So you have to look for compromises.

The use of a skimmer facilitates the task. In conjunction with the main plow, it works like this:

• The coulter is set at 8-10 cm with a width of approximately 2/3 of the working body. So weeds and stubble are removed, which immediately fall down into the furrow.
• The plow itself is deepened by 20-22 cm in order to raise a clean lower layer, which will crush and sprinkle the already removed “vershok”.

This technique is considered a classic, it allows you to protect the field from erosion. Important and markup area. The fact is that the plow plows direct the cut layer to the right. If you start from the edges of the "patch", you get a furrow-connector, and at the start from the middle you will notice a characteristic comb.

More maneuverable revision modifications allow you to go full, without prior "breakdown." Maintaining the desired depth, get a smooth surface without ridges and grooves.

Shallow loosening

Landless plowing is used in arid steppe regions; there it is almost the only way to keep stubble until autumn, thereby retaining moisture in winter.

It is held in the fall, with the help of tailless (chisel) plows or flat-blades set to the desired width. Moving deep-rippers do a good job. The upper layer is not turned, passing the working part of the mechanism at the level of 27-35 cm (depending on the structure of the soil and its humidity).

Ideally, the upper boundary of the "internal circulation" of the earth should be a line at the level of occurrence of the roots of plants. If they remain for the winter, then no winds are terrible for the field, and the accumulated moisture will benefit microorganisms that maintain a fertile balance.

In a number of areas with dense soils, only flat-cuts are used for the first approach. Ploskoreznaya processing is reduced to a deepening of 8-15 cm, a specific figure is selected based on the state of the soil and its moisture.

Surface tillage techniques

In this group, agronomists include all types of “penetrations”, which are made within 10–16 cm, using only the upper soil ball. There are many similar methods. They are remarkable in that some types of equipment can be used for processing by different methods.

Harrowing

Especially "riding" technique, which involves the deepening of not more than 10 cm.

Harrowing large areas of soil begin in the spring, immediately after the snow melts. So it is better to break up the lumps and level the field profile. At the same time the crust pressed during the winter is removed. The selection of equipment comes down to the definition of a suitable harrow. They are distinguished by the type of work surface. Mass gear mechanisms are used, which, in turn, are divided into light, medium and heavy. Needle and net harrows, which are gradually replaced by discs, are taken less often.

Making sure that the tractor does not get bogged down, proceed to work.Here there is one caveat - the harrow is picked to a tracked vehicle (they have higher throughput).

Medium or heavy harrow uncultivated field passes in 1 or 2 tracks. Choosing the "double" option, focus on the second row. Winter crops "drive" across plantings, only in 1 track.

The quality of work is determined by the following features:

• The surface must be consistent.
• The size of lumps no more than 4 cm.
• Weeds are removed completely.
• The loss of crops does not exceed 3% (the harrow always catches a part of the plants).

Disking

In fact, it is loosening the "top" through disc harrows or stubblers. Refers to the number of pre-sowing techniques, but can be used in the care of arrays of alfalfa and other forage crops.

Disking soil provides the same agrotechnical requirements as the conduct of the peeling (let's talk about it below).Note that the most important parameter is the so-called angle of attack of the working disk relative to the direction of thrust. Expose it to "catch" the desired depth, not forgetting the mixing of the soil.

Cultivation

Provides loosening and slight mixing of the soil with its further leveling. It also helps to get rid of weeds. Among the main advantages of this technique are the improved air balance of the earth and its best warming.

Such operations are of two types:

• Solid (they are spring and pre-sowing), which are conducted with the participation of reinforced steam cultivators;
• Interrow. They can be carried out during the season by setting the working parts of the mechanism to the required width. Hillers are often used (especially suitable for rows with root crops).

The main load falls on the "paws" (teeth) of the cultivator. Depth of the “run” depends on their type. So, for the mechanism with lancet tips, they expose 12 cm, while the loosening edges will have to be “buried” by as much as 18 cm.

Cultivation of the soil has long become a familiar method of processing, it can be seen even in relatively small kitchen gardens, which are “combed” by motor-blocks. The requirements are quite simple:

• Accurate adherence to depth (maximum "spread" is not more than 1 cm).
• Lack of crests on the field (can be made up to 1 cm).
• Cutters or teeth should be in the same plane, without distortions.

Such an operation does not deliver an experienced tractor driver, while the owner of the motoblock will have to work on management skills (so that the unit does not “break in”).

Stubble stubble

Loosening and mixing of the upper layer in this case is combined with the grinding of weeds and, in fact, the crop residue. They go into the depths (up to 18 cm), where they gradually rot.

Immediately after this, weed seeds begin to germinate - the field is covered with fresh shoots. It is not scary, a couple of weeks after the main peeling, the plot is plowed to a depth of 23-30 cm. At the same time, the cut down young weeds go down to fertilizer.

It looks somewhat laborious, but instead it turns out already two layers of fertilizers, and this is direct savings on top dressing.The cultivators are chosen to match the size of the field (a small mechanism is enough for a small mechanism). Its condition is also taken into account - with a small debris it will be enough to have a disc sheller set at 12 cm, whereas to combat the extensive thickets of thistle it will be necessary to cling to the tractor with a dowsing machine (18 cm). For heavy soils, a disc harrow with a small angle of attack is taken.

The field is marked on pens, all dangerous areas (stones, pits and hummocks) are marked with landmarks. The course is across the seeding.

The quality has the following requirements:

• Lack of "blockages" of a plowshare or a disk when processing.
• Low straight ridges (up to 2 cm) are allowed.
• More than half of the stubble remains.

Rolling in

This is nothing more than handling rollers. As a result of such work, the earth is compacted, the remaining blocks crumble, and on light soils the surface is leveled. The main tool is a roller. They are of several types:

• smooth;
• ribbed;
• toothed;
• ringed;
• ring-spurs.

All these products belong to three weight classes - light (with a pressure of 0.05-0.2 kg / sq. Cm), medium (0.3-0.4) and heavy (0.5 kg / sq. Cm) . There are differences in the number of sections - three-sectional are considered the optimal choice, with a diameter of more than 50 cm.

On moderately wet soils, rollers can be used throughout the season: before sowing, during and after. But on wet, heavy lands, the rink is useless - it will over-compact the "vershok".

Rolling is reduced to hitch travel at low speed (8-9 km / h). Depending on the state of the field and the time of conducting, various rollers are used:

• Uneven winter winter arrays "pass" ribbed trailers.
• Ringed "wheels" are being removed from the ice crust.
• Post-treatment is done ribbed.
• Before sowing, it is advisable to take a smooth roller, which is ideal for too small seeds.

Malovanie

Reception, somewhat reminiscent of rolling. The task is the same - to level the soil, and at the same time not to compact it too much.

Instead of a powerful rink, the so-called small is used. This is a bar of arbitrary length with a width of about 20 cm (at a thickness of 10). Its edges cling to the tractor with two rods.

While moving, it moves and squeezes large clods, falls asleep the holes left by them and cuts off small ridges. The ideal method for further field marking, often used in the preparation of irrigation.

Looping

Approximately the same goals are pursued by the method of looping. All the "props" - the trash with hard row bars, which are connected by chains. Often there are "nailing" with teeth placed on the front beam. In front of the scraper, on the stub harrow, stands a scraper with teeth brought out. This device "closes up moisture" in the spring, barely waiting for the tops of the crests on arable land to dry up. Fiber harrow with the harrow are indispensable for the care of crops with shallow seeds, which require the smoothest possible soil. Among them - flax and sugar beet.

Special tillage techniques

When farming in difficult conditions, farmers have to act outside the box. It happens that the usual techniques help a little, and then you have to learn special techniques along the way.

Bunk plowing

It is used for the introduction into the circulation of running sod and sod-podzolic lands. This is a great option for those who plan training for technical cultures.

The standard plow is not an assistant here - they take a two-tier structure with a cut-out hull. Plowing is deep, up to 40 cm. At the same time loosening of the lower "sole" and wrapping of the upper layer occur.

If you only loosen the top of the stubble, scrolling through the lower layer, you can achieve a good cleansing of deep-lying weed seedlings.

Three-tiered plowing

Three tiers are used for the same purposes. The depth here is even greater (up to half a meter). This is the only way to bring back to life the launched salt marsh. The plow is also "three-storied". During the “passage”, the arable part of the soil is left at the top, and the two lower horizons mutually move. As a result, the "bottoms" complement the arable ball, the course of nutrients is activated, and the emergence of new weeds is almost impossible.

Plan plowing

With its help, sandstones are cultivated, they prepare the ground for arrays of trees (including fruit). Standard depth - within 50-70 cm.

Before driving a plow with high teeth into the ground, once again assess the risks. Extra deep plowing is not suitable for working with areas for grain or root crops. You also can not hold it on the land with a high level of groundwater - this will cause re-salinization.

It should be noted that the plow brings up not the most fertile layers, which also adversely affects the yield. In this case, the subsequent subsequent application of a large amount of fertilizer, which will restore the nutritional balance.

Chipping

The reception is aimed at improving the drainage of fields located on the slopes. A special knife or trailed splitter makes the slit depth of 40-60 cm (across crops).

The interval between them is regulated with an eye on the nature of natural moisture. For dry ground indentation will be 1 m, if moisture is still present, you can measure and 1.5 m.

Wandering

Improves drainage and regulates aeration. Special devices are placed on the plow - drains, which make mole animals at a depth of 30-35 cm. The diameter of such minks usually does not exceed 8 cm. Before leaving, the drains are placed 1 or 2 meters wide.

Such work is being carried out in the fall so that prolonged showers and melting snow will not overwet the ground - the water will descend into specially designated holes. Now you know how to handle your plot. We hope that you will select the most suitable of all the variety of techniques. Record harvests!